Author: Pamela Foohey

  • Telling Anecdotes About Bankruptcy Filers

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    Pamela Foohey

    The very recently released Issue 99:3 of the American Bankruptcy Law Journal features the return of its book review series. My co-authors Robert Lawless and Deborah Thorne and I are honored that the journal’s editors picked Debt’s Grip: Risk and Consumer Bankruptcy for the series re-introduction. Professors Alexandra Sickler and Edward Janger kindly wrote book reviews, as well as participated in a recorded roundtable hosted by ABLJ and the National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges focusing on the book.

    In our response to their reviews, Anecdotes on the Data in Debt’s Grip, we highlight some of our go-to stories of bankruptcy filers’ journeys through financial hardship, as written to us, via the survey we send to the people who file bankuptcy. These stories are vivid reminders of people’s struggles. Or, as Ted Janger wrote, “[t]he picture painted by [us in Debt’s Grip] is dark.” Still, we hope that sharing the stories — in our response and in Debt’s Grip itself — will bring some light to the financial precarity faced by households across the United States.

    The full new issue of ABLJ is here.

  • Encouraging People To File Bankruptcy — A Book To Recommend To Potential Clients

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    Pamela Foohey

    A few months ago, Slipster Bob Lawless, former Slipster Deborah Thorne, and I published Debts Grip: Risk and Consumer Bankruptcy. The book draws on eleven years of data from the Consumer Bankruptcy Project to document the financial consequences of decades of risk privatization for individuals and families across the United States. Some people ultimately will file bankruptcy. Over the past few months, during panel discussions, podcasts, and interviews, we have been asked about the value of people filing bankruptcy earlier. We (well, at least I) think that for many people, filing sooner would be advantageous. People deplete their assets in the years they struggle before filing and suffer psychologically and physically from the stress of unmanageable debts. Based on our data, the stigma of bankruptcy and the inability to make good on their contracts remains a barrier to filing. So, how to encourage people to file? And, relatedly, how to make people feel “good” about their bankruptcies such that they have a better chance at succeeding when they are released post-bankruptcy into the same economic and social structure that may be stacked against them?

    I recently spoke about Debt’s Grip as part of the National Association of Bankruptcy Attorneys‘ meeting. There I saw Adrienne Hines, a bankruptcy attorney from Ohio who I knew from her social media presence as The Lady Like Lawyer (Instagram, TikTok). I picked up her new book, Bankruptcy Magic: The Life-Changing Power of Debt Relief With Dignity. The book puts into a written guide format for people the core message of her social media: that filing bankruptcy can be an effective solution to unmanageable debt challenges for which people do not need to feel ashamed. Adrienne’s social media accounts are an excellent resource for struggling debtors. Her book may be even more excellent. It is part of the answer to the question of how to encourage people to file sooner.

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  • Teaching Trustee Exemption Planning in Bankruptcy

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    Pamela Foohey

    Since I began teaching the bankruptcy survey course, I've added extra material apart from the textbook that I've named "trustee exemption planning." The core of this material is Schwab v. Reilly, 560 U.S. 770 (2010), which I've assigned more or less in its entirety. The case is a useful vehicle to discuss how to claim exemptions, what debtors (and their attorneys) may do if the value of property is unclear, what trustees likewise may do if the value of property is unclear, and how trustees may make money for creditors from an estate. The debtor, Reilly, also has a moving story about opening a restaurant and wanting to keep kitchen equipment that is sentimental to her. I give students her handwritten schedules outlining every piece of equipment she seeks to retain. The case also outlines how a trustee can preserve value for the estate beyond the relevant exemptions.

    But the case is getting older. The forms modernization project updated Schedule C to align with its holding. Enter a new case, published about a month ago, In re Collins, Case No. 24-54928, Judge John E. Hoffman, Jr., Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Bill Rochelle highlighted it for its clarification of what a trustee must do to object to an exemption claiming "100% of FMV." I am posting about the opinion to further highlight it for its usefulness in teaching about exemptions in consumer bankruptcy.

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  • Non-Bankruptcy Law in Bankruptcy Courts

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    Pamela Foohey

    This past year's American Bankruptcy Law Journal symposium at the National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges' Annual Meeting addressed the role of bankruptcy law in the larger U.S. legal system. The ABLJ recently published the related academic papers from that symposium. You can find them on the front page of the ABLJ site now. One of which I was honored to write.

    My contribution, The Periphery of Bankruptcy Law: The Importance of Non-Bankruptcy Issues in Consumer Bankruptcy Cases, focuses on the range of state law exemption issues, UCC security interest issues, and federal and state consumer protection legal issues that appear in consumer bankruptcy filings to highlight how bankruptcy courts are one of the leading venues where people's non-bankruptcy legal problems may be litigated. In the piece, I write about how attorneys, trustees, and judges can provide people with a legal process to deal with their financial problems that they find meets their beliefs about what the bankruptcy process will offer them. Doing so will benefit individual debtors and the bankruptcy system, as a whole. As Slipster Bob Lawless has calculated, one in eleven Americans will file bankruptcy at some point during their lives. The chapter 11 cases of large companies and some non-profits make headline news. The public's perception of the bankruptcy system matters to the legal system's integrity.

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  • DOJ and DOE New Guidelines for Supporting Student Loan Discharge in Bankruptcy = More Student Loan Discharges?

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    Pamela Foohey

    The Department of Justice, in coordination with the Department of Education, has announced a new process for its handling of bankruptcy cases in which debtors seek an undue hardship student loan discharge. This new guidance has been a long time coming. In 2016, the DOE issued a request for information regarding evaluating undue hardship claims. Slipster Dalié Jiménez and I (along with co-authors) submitted a response that urged the DOE to establish clear, easy-to-verify circumstances under which it would support (or not object to) debtors' requests for student loan discharges. Subsequently we published articles expanding on and updating our proposals, always focusing on how the DOE could craft guidelines that would provide specific, objective criteria for when the DOE would not object to a requested discharge, thereby removing the guess work from discharge requests, and hopefully encouraging the filing of more student loan discharge adversary proceedings.

    The new guidelines will go a long way in helping people obtain student loan discharges. They incorporate key aspects of what consumer advocates and academics have highlighted as important to promote discharges for people who will benefit from student debt relief. I predict that, over time, more consumer debtors will request and receive undue hardship discharges.

    In short, the new process requires the debtor to submit an attestation form with information that will allow the DOJ and DOE to assess the three prongs of the Brunner test. At first glance, this may seem like a rehashing of the Brunner standard, thus providing the DOJ and DOE with significant wiggle-room to decide whether to support discharge. But upon digging into the requirements to meet each prong, it becomes more clear that the DOJ and DOE, overall, has adopted clear, objective criteria for its decision-making. This should provide debtors and attorneys with confidence in how the DOJ and DOE will respond to student loan discharge requests. Details about how the DOJ and DOE will handle assessing each of the prongs, plus some ruminations on how this guidance may play out, after the break.

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  • Credit Slips Now on Mastodon

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    Pamela Foohey

    Nine years ago, Credit Slips announced its new Twitter feed. Credit Slips is now also on Mastondon, at @creditslips.mastodon.lawprofs.org. We’ll put links to our posts on Mastodon as they are published, as well as boost Credit Slips authors. For now, we’ll also continue adding posts to our Twitter feed. Come find us on Mastodon! 

  • New Year, New Data in Your Credit Score

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    Pamela Foohey

    During 2021, reports from the CFPB and consumer advocates spotlighted the role of credit scoring in people's financial growth or stagnation and decline. These reports emphasized racial and ethnic disparities in credit scores and in complaints about errors in credit reports. Congressmembers introduced three draft bills aimed at improving credit reporting. Given the problems with traditional credit reports and scores, along with barriers to access to credit and other opportunities faced by the credit invisible, the idea of alternative credit scoring was raised repeatedly last year — in reports, news stories, and in the draft bills. Seemingly in reaction, starting now, Experian is adding data about "buy now, pay later" loans to credit reports. Soon after Transunion announced that it was “well on [its] way” to including the same data.

    Sara Greene and I have a new paper about credit reporting and scores, "Credit Scoring Duality," that focuses on the benefits and potential problems of adding alternative data to credit scoring models. Adding more data to credit scores, at first, may seem appealing. More data = better, more accurate scores? However, the use of this alternative data will not necessarily make the credit invisible or people with low credit scores more attractive. Much of the additional data proposed suffer from the same demographic disparities as the data already incorporated into credit scores. That is, in general, the people supposedly helped by inclusion of alternative data are likely to perform below-average on these inputs. Beyond replicating already present disparities, Greene and I worry that pointing to alternative credit scoring as a solution will distract from larger, systemic issues that are shown by disparities in credit scores. For more details, see our draft paper.

  • The Department of Education Can Help With Student Loans in Bankruptcy

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    Pamela Foohey

    With the Second Circuit's decision last week regarding private student loans, student loan discharge in bankruptcy is in the news. As Slipster Adam Levitin blogged, the "big picture" effect of this decision–and the 5th and 10th Circuits–is unclear. They could affect a broad swath of private student loans and they possibly could bring more bankruptcy filings to deal with a portion of people's student loan debt. Regardless, though, federal student loans remain presumptively non-dischargeable.

    If the people who file bankruptcy with both private and federal student loans (which, I suspect, likely is many people with student loans), debtors will need to bring undue hardship discharge requests. A possible additional effect of these decisions may be to increase undue hardship requests, provided that debtors and attorneys think they are worth making. Research by Jason Iuliano (Utah Law) suggests that debtors may be more successful in these actions than the general public or even many consumer bankruptcy attorneys presume.

    For federal students loans, the Department of Education plays a crucial role in undue hardship discharge requests. I recently published an essay in Minnesota Law Review Headnotes, co-authored with Aaron Ament and Daniel Zibel, who co-founded the National Student Legal Defense Network, regarding how the Ed Department should update its internal guidance for determining whether to contest a borrower’s request for an undue hardship discharge. The Ed Department presently seems to be wasting resources going after debtors with little ability to repay, regardless of whether their student loans are discharged. In the essay, we provide two options for how the Department can update its approach to bankruptcies to ensure that it calibrates its actions to make the promise of a fresh start more real for student borrowers.

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  • Getting Ahead of Consumer Loan Defaults Post-Pandemic

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    Pamela Foohey

    On this Tuesday, the Supreme Court refused to lift a ban on evictions for tenants that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently extended through the end of July. The eviction moratoria is one of a handful of debt pauses put in place by the federal government during the COVID-19 pandemic that are set to expire soon. The student loan moratorium ends on September 30. The mortgage foreclosure moratorium ends on July 31. In anticipation of the end of the foreclosure moratorium, this week, the CFPB finalized new rules that put into place protections for borrowers that servicers must use before they foreclose.

    Student loans and mortgages are most people's two largest debts. But they are not the only large loans that people are in danger of getting behind on post-pandemic. Indeed, when student loan and mortgage debts become due, people may prioritize paying them ahead of car loans, credit cards, and similar. In a new op-ed in The Hill, Christopher Odinet, Slipster Dalié Jiménez, and I set forth how the CFPB can use its legal authority to steer a range of loan servicers to offering people affordable modifications. As a preview, we suggest that the CFPB should issue a compliance and enforcement bulletin directing loan servicers to make a reasonable determination that a borrower has the ability to make all required, scheduled payments in connection with any modification.

    The piece is a short version of our new draft paper, Steering Loan Modifications Post-Pandemic, which we wrote as part of the upcoming "Crisis in Contracts" symposium hosted by Duke Law's Law & Contemporary Problems journal. The paper contains more about what federal agencies already are doing to get ahead of mortgage modification requests, about why similar is needed for the range of consumer loans, and about the reasoning behind our suggestion that the CFPB use its prevent what we term modification failures.

  • Bankruptcy on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver

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    Pamela Foohey

    Bankruptcy LWT - 1The consumer bankruptcy system has made it to late-night television! The main segment on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver this week focused on bankruptcy. As described: "John Oliver details why people file for bankruptcy, how needlessly difficult the process can be, and the ways we can better serve people struggling with debt." Twenty minutes about consumer bankruptcy!

    Per usual, it's a well-researched, understandable, and fast-moving segment, with dashes of dark humor. My favorite references Julianne Moore's character in Magnolia. To the well-research part: It is supported by a host of papers about consumer bankruptcy, including the work of several current and former Slipsters. Among them is Portraits of Bankruptcy Filers (forthcoming Georgia Law Review), the most recent article based on Consumer Bankruptcy Project (CBP) data, co-authored with Slipster Bob Lawless and former Slipster Debb Thorne. In Portraits, we rely on data from 2013 to 2019 to describe who is using the bankruptcy system, providing the first comprehensive overview of bankruptcy filers in thirty years.   

    Also referenced are Life in the Sweatbox, former Slipster Angela Littwin's The Do-It Yourself Mirage: Complexity in the Bankruptcy System, Slipster Bob Lawless, Jean Braucher, and Dov Cohen's Race, Attorney Influence, and Bankruptcy Chapter Choice, and the ABI Commission on Consumer Bankruptcy's report. The segment closes by highlighting the Consumer Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2020 (and includes a bonus at the end, which you'll have to watch to find out what that's about).