Category: Bankruptcy Data

  • Telling Anecdotes About Bankruptcy Filers

    Posted by

    Pamela Foohey

    The very recently released Issue 99:3 of the American Bankruptcy Law Journal features the return of its book review series. My co-authors Robert Lawless and Deborah Thorne and I are honored that the journal’s editors picked Debt’s Grip: Risk and Consumer Bankruptcy for the series re-introduction. Professors Alexandra Sickler and Edward Janger kindly wrote book reviews, as well as participated in a recorded roundtable hosted by ABLJ and the National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges focusing on the book.

    In our response to their reviews, Anecdotes on the Data in Debt’s Grip, we highlight some of our go-to stories of bankruptcy filers’ journeys through financial hardship, as written to us, via the survey we send to the people who file bankuptcy. These stories are vivid reminders of people’s struggles. Or, as Ted Janger wrote, “[t]he picture painted by [us in Debt’s Grip] is dark.” Still, we hope that sharing the stories — in our response and in Debt’s Grip itself — will bring some light to the financial precarity faced by households across the United States.

    The full new issue of ABLJ is here.

  • How Not To Do A Bankruptcy Literature Review

    Posted by

    Jason Kilborn

    I was excited to see a new article purporting to offer a “bibliometric analysis of research on personal insolvency.” My excitement soon turned to disappointment as I realized how fundamentally flawed the “analysis” was. To make lemonade out of lemons, I offer this cautionary tale for future analysts to avoid a research method gone horribly wrong. (more…)

  • Chapter 11s Did Not Spike in July 2025

    Posted by

    Bob Lawless

    There were a number of reports that commercial chapter 11 filings jumped dramatically in July 2025. Unfortunately, these headlines appear to be from junk data and from sources that should know better such as the American Bankruptcy Institute and Epiq AACER. From working with both organizations in the past, I know they value accuracy. This post is a plea to do better.

    The headlines are that commercial chapter 11 filings in July 2025 jumped 78% on a year-over-year basis. Supposedly, there were 911 commercial chapter 11s in July 2025 compared with only 512 in July 2024. Amid all the concerns about our national economy, that would be a notable increase if only it was true. Of those 911 new chapter 11s, almost a third were from the Genesis Healthcare bankruptcy. Ironically, Epiq is the claims agent and keeper of the public docket for the case. When a corporate group files bankruptcy, each one of its affiliates files its own bankruptcy petition. There is no connection between how the corporate group is organized and the size of the case. For example, the similarly sized Del Monte Foods filed bankruptcy with only 18 companies in its corporate group.

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  • Debt’s Grip Now Available!

    Posted by

    Bob Lawless

    Debt's Grip CoverToday is the official release date for our new book, Debt's Grip: Risk and Consumer Bankruptcy, from the University of California Press. Debt's Grip uses eleven years of court records and surveys from the Consumer Bankruptcy Project to provide a thick description of what it means to live in financial precarity in the United States. Through personal narratives from our surveys, bankruptcy filers describe in their own words the privations and struggles they suffered. It has been a privilege to work with Pamela Foohey (also a Slips blogger) of the University of Georgia and Debb Thorne of the University of Idaho to put this book together. 

    We wrote the book so it would be accessible to nonlawyers. The second chapter of the book describes the bankruptcy process in plain English. We then continue by documenting the increasingly lengthy period of time people sit in the financial "sweatbox" before filing bankruptcy. The next three chapters are built around types of debts–home and car debts, medical debts, and credit card and other unsecured debts. Demographics are part of the bankruptcy story. A chapter discusses how the bankruptcy system both reflects and exacerbates larger patterns of racial inequality. Another chapter looks at the overrepresentation of women and especially single women raising children. We then look at the fastest growing group of bankruptcy filers — adults age 65 and over. The book then turns to how debt collection and changes in that industry have shaped bankruptcy filings. The final chapter was supposed to be about the exceptions — bankruptcy filers with resources who were using the system to escape debts they could pay. I say "supposed to be" because we could not find those cases from the 8,800 files in our sample. Well, we did find one, but the court dismissed the case!

    The book is available from the UC Press, Bookshop.org, Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other outlets. We have a busy semester of events where we will be discussing the book and are always looking for more opportunities. 

     

  • Revisiting How Many People Have Filed Bankruptcy

    Posted by

    Bob Lawless

    Belisa Pang has an important new paper out about repeat filers, "The Bankruptcy Revolving Door."  Using new techniques and as well as a database of credit reports, she estimates the percentage of bankruptcy filers who are repeat filers is 36%. In 2023, she estimates the figure was 46%. The paper also explores the reasons for repeat filings. It should be required reading for anyone in the consumer bankruptcy space.

    Pang's estimate is much higher than the official statistic from the bankruptcy court records which ask filers to disclose repeat filings in the last eight years. According to the FJC database, 19% of filers since 2014 have checked the box that they filed bankruptcy in the last eight years. For the research data from the Consumer Bankruptcy Project, we collects the date of the last filing. Despite the official language asking about bankruptcy in the last eight years, 16% of those who report a repeat filing are reporting a prior case from more than eight years ago. Thus, I wondered how many prior bankruptcies are actually going unreported. I spot-checked some of our own research data. Using Pang's methodology, I found it was pretty easy to locate cases that do not disclose a repeat filing on the bankruptcy forms, but the court's computer system (PACER) has flagged as a repeat filing. 

    Pang's paper caused me to revisit my estimate of how many living Americans have filed bankruptcy. When I did the calculations, I came up with a conservative estimate of 1 in 10. The precise number was 11.1% but because of the heroic assumptions I was making, especially with the repeat filing rate, I called it 1 in 10 to be conservative. In my calculation, I used an assumption, based on the then-current FJC records, that 15.2% of filers are repeat filers. Pang's much higher figure means my estimate is a bit too high. If I plug 36% into the numbers I used then, I come up with 9% of the public having filed bankruptcy. If the repeat filing rate is 46%, the percentage drops to 8% percent. So, it is maybe in 1 in 11 or 1 in 12. That is still not a small number.

  • Upcoming Public Events for Unjust Debts

    Posted by

    Melissa Jacoby

    P&PMore upcoming events open to the public – in person and virtual – for the new book Unjust Debts, including tonight in Washington DC. Join the conversation!

     

  • Unjust Debts on the Road

    Posted by

    Melissa Jacoby

    Unjust_debts_finalFirst, thanks to Bob Lawless for his post about my new book. It has been great to engage with people about Unjust Debts so far, and especially appreciated the book making a new Financial Times best books list (links to that and other coverage here). Wanted to note a few upcoming book events for Credit Slips readers:

    • June 27 (TONIGHT): Greenlight Bookstore, Brooklyn NY, in conversation with Zephyr Teachout. Information and RSVP here. 
    • July 1 (VIRTUAL): Commonwealth Club World Affairs, in conversation with Senator Elizabeth Warren. Information and registration here. 
    • July 8: Politics & Prose, Washington DC, in conversation with Vicki Shabo. Information here. 

  • Long-run (positive) effects of personal debt relief

    Posted by

    Jason Kilborn

    Empirical papers on the long-run effects of a personal bankruptcy relief system (i.e., discharge) are rare, so this fascinating new paper caught my eye. The first personal insolvency discharge system in continental Europe appeared in Denmark in 1984, and this paper takes advantage of that long lifespan to mine some rather unique data. The results are unsurprising but very useful in the ongoing debate about the salutary effects of such procedures: "debt relief leads to a large increase in earned income, employment, assets, real estate, secured debt, home ownership, and wealth that persists for more than 25 years after a court ruling." So the benefits of debt relief are not only substantial but robust, as debtors learn their lesson (if there was one to learn) about managing their finances, and they capitalize (literally) on their fresh start. Perhaps most important, the cause of these effects seems to be largely the desired result of any personal discharge system–getting debtors out from under the debilitating thumb of hopelessly unserviceable creditor demands and reactivating them as engaged workers and taxpayers: "The net transition of workers into employment accounts for two thirds of the increase in earned income." Great contribution to the literature on personal insolvency and well worth a read.

  • About 44% of Chapter 11s are Subchapter V Cases

    Posted by

    Bob Lawless

    As many readers will know, Congress created subchapter V to streamline the chapter 11 process and to make it work better for small businesses. It became effective in March 2020, just as the pandemic hit, and was available to businesses with less than $2,500,000 in debts. Congress raised the debt limit to $7,500,000 to make it available to more businesses, and that higher debt limit will sunset on June 21, 2024, unless Congress acts. By all accounts, subchapter V is working as designed, helping small-business owners to continue their businesses. Both the National Bankruptcy Conference and the American Bankruptcy Institute's Task Force on Subchapter V have recommended that Congress make the $7,500,000 debt cap permanent. 

    How much does it matter? How many chapter 11 filers use subchapter V? The answer to those questions is more difficult than it should be.  The readily available bankruptcy statistics from the U.S. Courts do not report subchapter V cases, although they should. To answer those questions, I downloaded the integrated bankruptcy petition database from the Federal Judicial Center, which contains every bankruptcy petition filed.

    And the answer is . . . in 2023, forty-five percent of chapter 11 debtors used subchapter V. That was 1,854 of the 4,121 chapter 11 cases in 2023. Unfortunately, the database does not have the subchapter V variable for years before 2023. Well it does, but the variable is not reliable for years before 2023. The rest of the post, "below the fold," explains the rest of my math.

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  • Debt-based driving restrictions: new resources

    Posted by

    Melissa Jacoby

    Professor Kate Elengold and UNC Law 2L Michael Leyendecker have just posted very useful reports for no charge on the Social Science Research Network.  In Professor Elengold's words, these reports "classify, catalog, and cite every state law restricting driving privilege based on debt owed to the state or pursuant to a state-controlled system." This includes criminal or civil fines and fees,child support, taxes, tolls, and more. The Twitter announcement of these resources indicates that they welcome additions and corrections, and that a related scholarly article from Professor Elengold will be available soon. 

    Here is the driver's license suspension report. 

    Here is the car registration suspension report.